IN modern RussiaUnfortunately, it is often necessary to deal with the unlawful and unjustified use of foreign words in everyday speech ...

Everyone knows that cultural contacts with neighbors are vital for the normal development of any people. Mutual enrichment of vocabulary, borrowing words, terms and even names are inevitable. As a rule, they are useful for the language: the use of a missing word allows you to avoid descriptive phrases, the language becomes easier and dynamic. For example, the long phrase "trade in a certain place once a year" in Russian is successfully replaced by the word Fair who came from German. In modern Russia, unfortunately, it is often necessary to deal with the unlawful and unjustified use of foreign words in everyday speech. All sorts of shops, consulting, marketing and leases literally litter Russian, by no means decorating it. However, it should be recognized that the illicitations may harm its normal development. In the article offered to your attention, we will tell about the successful use of foreign words and terms.

***
Let's start with terms, loved ones and familiar to any teacher of Russian language and literature. The word poetry is so firmly included in our language that we are not thinking about its meaning. Meanwhile, in translation from Greek, it means "creativity". The poem's word is translated as "creation", and rhyme - "proportionality", "consistency", is a word of rhythm sampled to it. Struff translated from Greek - "Rotate", and epithet is "figurative definition".

With ancient Greece, such terms as the epic ("Meeting of the Tales"), myth ("Word", "Speech"), Drama (Action "), Lyrics (from the word musical), Elegy (" Flute Pointing ") , ODA ("Song"), Epitalama ("Wedding Poemical or Song"), Epos ("Word", "Story", "Song"), tragedy ("Goat Song"), comedy ("Bear Holidays"). The name of the last genre is associated with the holidays in honor of the Greek goddess Artemis, which they coped in March. This month, the bears came out of winter hibernation, which gave the name to these ideas. Well, the scene is, of course, "Tent", where the actors were performed. As for the parody, it is "singing inside out."

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If the Greeks assumed the "duty" to give the name to poetic and theatrical terms, then the Romans were seriously engaged in prose. Latin's experts will tell us that this short word into Russian can be translated by the phrase "purposeful speech". Romans generally loved accurate and short definitions. No wonder it was from the Latin language that the word Lapidarova came to us, i.e. "Carved on stone" (brief, compressed). The word text means "communication", "connection", and the illustration is "explanation" (to the text). Legend is "what should be read", the Memorandum - "What should be remembered," and opus is "work", "work". The word of Fabul translated from Latin means "story", "legend", but in Russian it came from German with the meaning of the "plot". Manuscript is a document, "written by hand", but the editor is a person who must "put in order". Madrigal is also a Latin word, it happens from the root of "mother" and means a song on the native, "maternal" language. To finish with literary terms, let's say that the Scandinavian word of the runes initially meant "any knowledge", then - "mystery" and only later began to be used in the meaning of "letters", "letters".

But back to the Romans, which, as you know, developed a unique set of laws (Roman law) unique for that time and enriched world culture by many legal terms. For example, justice ("Justice", "legality"), Alibi ("elsewhere"), the verdict ("Truthful"), a lawyer (from Latin "call"), notary - ("scribe"), protocol (" First sheet "), visa (" viewed "), etc. Words version ("Rotate") and intrigue ("confuse") also Latin origin. The Romans came up with the word Lyapsus - "Fall", "Error", "Invalid Step". Greek and Latin origin has most medical terms. As an example of borrowing from the Greek language, these words as anatomy ("dissection"), agony ("struggle"), hormone ("cite"), diagnosis ("definition"), diet ("lifestyle", "Mode"), paroxysm ("irritation"). The following terms are Latin by origin: the hospital ("hospitable"), immunity ("liberation from anything"), a disabled person ("powerless", "weak"), invasion ("attack"), muscle ("Mouse"), Obstruction ("blockage"), obliteration ("destruction"), pulse ("push").

Currently, Latin is a language of science and serves as a source for the formation of new, never existing words and terms. For example, allergy is "another action" (the term is invented by the Austrian Pediatrician K.Pirka). Christianity, as is known, came to us from Byzantium, the inhabitants of which, though they called themselves Romei (Romans), said mainly in Greek. Together with the new religion, many new words came to our country, some of which were sometimes represented by tracing - the literal translation of the Greek terms. For example, the word enthusiasm ("Divine inspiration") was translated into the Old Slavonic language as "lack of" (!). Such an interpretation was not accepted by the language. Much more often, new terms were taken unchanged. The initial importance of many of them has long been forgotten, and few know that an angel is "Bulletin", the apostle - "Messenger", Clear - "Loss", Kyot - "Box", Liturgy - "Duty", Deacon - "Minister" , Bishop - top viewing, and the Ponoloire - "Watchman". The word hero is also Greek and means "saint" - no less! But the word Pogan's crucible came to us from the Latin language and means only the "rural" (resident). The fact is that the pagan cults were especially tenacious in rural areas, as a result, this word became synonymous with the pagan. Foreign on origin are also words called representatives of the other world. The word demon translated from Greek means "Deity", "Spirit." Mikhail Vruble knows that a demon depicted in his paintings is confused with a feature or devil: "The demon means" soul "and personifies the eternal struggle of the rolling mind of the human spirit, looking for reconciliation of his passions, knowing his life and not a response to his Doubts neither on earth, nor in heaven, "he explained his position." And what do the words damn and the devil mean? Damn - this is not a name, but epithet ("horned"). The devil is the "seducer", "slander" (Greek). Other names of the devil - Hebrew Origin: Satan - "contradictory", "enemy", Velisal - from the phrase "without benefit." The name of Mephistofel is invented by Goethe, but it was drawn up from two Hebrew words - "liar" and "destroyer". But the name of Woland, which MA Bulgakov used in his famous novel "Master and Margarita", has German origin: in medieval German dialects, it meant "deceiver", "Plut". In the "Faust" Goethe Mefistofel once mentioned under this name.

The word fairy has a Latin origin and means "fate." Welsh was believed that the fairies originated from the pagan priestesses, and the Scots and Irish were believed that from the angels seduced by the Devil. However, despite the centuries-old domination of Christianity, Europeans still belong to Fayam and Elves with sympathy, calling them the "good people" and "peaceful neighbors."

The word gnome came up with Paracels. Translated from Greek it means "a resident of the Earth." In the Scandinavian mythology, such creatures were called "Dark Alvami" or "Mesvergi". The houses in Germany is called "Kobold". Later, this name was assigned to the metal, which had a "harmful character," - made it difficult to smelting copper. Nickel was called an elf, living near the water, a big amateur to joke. This name was called metal, similar to silver.

The word dragon translated from Greek means "acutely seen." Interestingly, in China, this mythological creature has traditionally been depicted without eyes. The legend says that one artist of the Tang (IX century) was carried away and painted the Dragon's eyes: the room was filled with fog, the thunder rang out, the dragon came to life and flew away. And the word hurricane comes from the name of the fear of the South American Indians - Huracana. Have their meaning and names of some precious and semi-precious stones. Sometimes the name indicates the color of the stone. For example, Ruby is "red" (lat.), Chrisolite - "Golden" (Greek), Olevin - "Green" (Greek), Lazurit - "Heavenly Blue" (Greek), etc. But sometimes their name is associated with certain properties that were attributed to these stones in antiquity. So, the amethyst from the Greek language is translated as "Non-Nachane": according to legends, this stone is able to "curb passions", so Christian priests often use it to decorate the purposes, insert into the crosses. For this reason, Amethyst has another name - the "bishop stone". And the word agate translated from Greek means "good", which he had to bring to his owner.

There were cases when one thing came to our country from different languages \u200b\u200band at different times, resulting in different values. For example, the words of Mahina, fraud and the car are single. Two of them came to us directly from the Greek. One of them means "something huge", the other is "trick". But the third came through Western European languages \u200b\u200band is a technical term.

Sometimes words are formed as a result of the root connections belonging to different languages. For example: the word Abrakadabra contains a Greek root with the meaning of the "Deity" and the Hebrew with the meaning "word". That is, the "word of God" is an expression or phrase that seems to be meaningless uninitiated.

And the word of the snob is wondering that, being Latin in origin, appeared in England the late XVIII century. It happened from the Latin expression Sine Nobilitas ("without nobility"), which was reduced to s. Nob.: So in English ships began to be called passengers who do not have the right to lunch with the captain. Later in English homes, this word was set in the lists of guests opposite the persons, which should be announced without title.

***
And what other languages? Did they contribute to Russian vocabulary? The answer to this question is uniquely affirmative. Examples can be given a set.

So, the Arabic phrase "Vladyka on the sea" became the Russian word Admiral.

The name of the fabric of the Atlas translated from the Arabic language means "beautiful", "smooth." Kabala is a "receipt", "obligation", shackles - "ways", "shackles", etc. For a long time perceived as Russian Turkic words dooduli ("black or ill-hand") and Karapuz ("as watermelon"). About the antiquity of the word Iron testifies to his Sanskrit origin ("Metal", "ore"). Gih is "heavy" (Persian), Pastrad - "Pom" (Spanish), coat of arms - "Legacy" (Polish). The words of the roll (from "putting the ship on the side") and the yacht (from "chant") have a Dutch origin. Words Abral ("Top All" - Over All), bluff ("deception"), Velvet ("Velvet") came to Russia from England. The last word is interesting in that it is a "false friend of the translator": readers, probably, was surprised that at the receptions and balas of the kings and the court lads felt in the bullight suits and dresses. From the German language, the words of Jung ("Boy"), tie ("Scarf"), Flywer ("Wing"), Flask ("Bottle"), workshop ("workshop"). There are a lot of borrowing from Italian and French. For example, a trampoline ("kick"), a quarry ("Run"), Fint ("Pretending", "Fortiment"), stamp ("Print"), the relay ("stirring") - Italian. Scam ("Case"), Marley ("Kiese"), balance ("Scales"), compliment ("Hi"), negligee ("negligence") - French.

Italian and French gave life to very many musical and theatrical terms. Here is some of them. The Italian Word of the Conservatory ("Shelter") recalls the decision of the authorities of Venice to turn the 4 women's monastery into music schools (XVIII century). The virtuoso means "valor", the word of Cantata is formed from the Italian Cantar - "sing", Capricchio - from the word "goat" (work with the jumping, "like a goat", change the topics and moods), Opera - "Writing", Tutti - " Fulfillment of the whole composition. "

Now turn France: Arrangement - "Bringing In order", Overture from the word "open", Benefis - "Profit", "Benefits", Repertoire - "List", Decoration - "Decoration", Punts (solid socks of ballet shoes) - " Tip "," tip ", Divertiment -" Entertainment ", Foyer -" Foci ". And in modern pop music, the word plywood, which comes from the German "impose" (voice to already recorded music).

Speaking of borrowing from French, it is impossible to go around the culinary topic. So, the word garnish occurred from the French "supply", "equipped". Shlasa means "frozen", "ice". Cutlet - "Rizshko". Consome - "Broth". Langet is "tongue." Marinade - "put in salt water." Roulet - from the word "coagulation". Word Vinaigrette is an exception: being French by origin (from Vinaigre - "vinegar"), it appeared in Russia. Around the world, this dish is called "Russian Salad".

Interestingly, a foreign-to-dog dog nickname is in our country. The fact is that the peasants in Russian villages could often afford to keep the dog. The landowners, on the contrary, often kept dozens and even hundreds of hunting dogs in their country estates (and even bribes were taken by "golden puppies") and several indoor dogs in city houses. Since French (and later - English) Russian nobles knew better than their own, named their dogs they gave foreign ones. Some of them spread widely in the folk medium. What a familiar word could hear a peasant who knows the French language in his nickname ("Milashka")? Of course, the ball! The trident translated into Russian means "treasure" (Fr.), Barbos's nickname occurred from the French word "bearded", and Rex is "Tsar" (Lat.). A whole range of nicknames occurred from foreign names. For example, Bobik and Tobik are the options of the Russian adaptation of the Bobby's English name, bug and Jules occurred from Julia. And Jim's nicknames and Jack are not even trying to hide their foreign origin.

Well, what is the great and mighty Russian language? Did he make his contribution to the development of foreign languages? It turns out that the Russian word man entered into many languages \u200b\u200bof the world. The word grandmother in English is used in the meaning of the "female head shawl", and the pancakes in Britain are called small round sandwiches. The word vulgarity fell into the dictionary of English language Because he wrote in this language V.Nabokov, desperate to find his full analogue, in one of his novels decided to leave it without translation.

The words satellite and comrade are known all over the world, and Kalashnikov for a foreigner is not a surname, but the name of the Russian automaton. Relatively recently committed a triumphal march of the world now there are already a few subtle terms restructuring and publicity. Words Vodka, Matryoshka and Balalayak so often and not to the place are used by foreigners arguing about Russia, which cause irritation. But for the word in the pogrom, which entered in the dictionaries of many European languages \u200b\u200bin 1903, frankly ashamed. The words intelligentsia (the author - P. Boborakin) and disinformation are not Russian "by origin", but they were invented in Russia. Of which they have become the "native" Russian language, they switched to many foreign and gained widespread all over the world.

In conclusion, we give several examples of successful education of new words that were invented by poets and writers and in Russian appeared relatively recently. So, the appearance of the words of the acid, refraction, the equilibrium we owe M.V. Lomonosov. N.M. Karamzin has enriched our tongue with words influence, industry, public, common, touching, entertaining, concentrated. Radishchev introduced a citizen in the Russian language in the modern sense. Ivan Panayev first used the word of the rush, and Igor Northerner is the word to gentle. V. Khlebnikov and A. Klychechee claim the authorship of the word Zaomu.

Of course, in a short article it is impossible to adequately and fully talk about the meaning of words borrowed from foreign languages. We hope that we managed to interest readers who themselves can continue an exciting journey through the vocabulary of the Russian language.

Http://www.distedu.ru/mirror/_rus/rus.1september.ru/2005/16/9.htm.
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200 foreign words that have a replacement in Russian

Absolute - perfect
Abstract - distracted
Agrarian - agricultural
Adequate - appropriate
Active - active
Actual - topical
Amoral - immoral
Analysis - analysis
Anamzh - Surroundings
Argument - Argument
Business - Case
Boyfriend - Friend
Briefing - Failure
Option - variety
Dimensions - sizes
Hermetic - impenetrable
Hypothetical - alleged
Goalkeeper - Goalkeear
Humanity - humanity
Diver - diving
Digest - Overview
Debate - debate
Devaluation - depreciation
Demonstration - show
Destructive - destructive
Detailed - detailed
Dialogue - conversation
Director - Manager
Discomfort - inconvenience
Discussion - discussion, dispute
Differentiation - separation
Dominate - dominate, prevail
Duel - Fighting
Ignore - neglect
Identical - identical
Image - Image
Import - import
Individual - sole
Indifferent - indifferent
Industry - Industry
Inert - indifferent
Intervention - invasion
International - international
Infected - infected
Information - information
Camouflage - Cover
Kommersant - merchant
Compensation - Reimbursement
Comfort - convenience
Comfortable - comfortable, landscaped
Concrete - defined
Competitor - rival
Competition - Competition
Message - install
Design - arrange, build
Constructive - creative
Continent - mainland
Contract - Treaty
Confrontation - confrontation
Concentration - focus
Adjustments - corrections
Correspondence - correspondence; message
Lender - lender
Criminal - criminal
Legitimate - legal
Lepta - Contribution
Liquidation - Destruction
Linguist - Language
Lifting - skin lift
Maximum - the largest, limit
Mask - Lesakh
Mentality - a warehouse of the mind
Method - reception
Minimal - the smallest
Mobility - Mobility
Model - Sample
Modernization - update
Moment - Mig.
Instant - Instant
Monologue - Speech
Monument - Monument
Monumental - Majestic
Natural - natural
Negative - negative
Level - equalize
Objective - impartial
Original - original
Hotel - hotel
Parameter - value
Parking - Parking
Passive - lackless
Personal - personal
Pluralism - multipleness
Positive - positive
Polemics - controversy
Potential - possible
Prevold - prevail
Claim - claim
Precise - refined
Private - private
Primitive - mediocrity
Forecast - Prediction
Progress - Promotion
Propaganda - distribution
Publication (Action) - Disclosure, Edition
Radical - native
Reaction - response
Implement - to be implemented
Audit - Check
Revolution - revolution
Regress - decay
Resolution - Solution
Resonance - Otzvuk
The result is the investigation, the consequence
Reconstruction - Perestroika
Relief - outlines
Renaissance - Revival
Respectable - respectable
Restoration - Restoration
Reform - Transformation
Secret - secret
Service - service
Symposium - meeting
Symptom - Sign
Synthesis - Collection, Generalization
Synchronously - at the same time
Situation - position, furnishings
Social - public
Sociology - Soclishment
Sponsor - Charity (patron)
Stability - stability
Stagnation - Stagnation
Stress - Voltage, Shock
Structure - device
Subjective - personal, biased
Sphere - Area
Topic - subject
Tolerance - Tolerance
Tomatoes - tomatoes
Transformation - Transformation
Actual - valid
Forum - Collection
Fundamental - fundamental
Hobby - Hobby
Chef - Head
Shopping - Shopping
Show - sight
Exclusive - exceptional
Experiment - experience
Exposure - Lowing
Export - export
Embryo - germin
Era - Lettering

Http://vegchel.ru/index.php?newsid\u003d23134&_utl_t\u003dtw

Everyone knows that cultural contacts with neighbors are vital for the normal development of any people. Mutual enrichment of vocabulary, borrowing words, terms and even names are inevitable. As a rule, they are useful for the language: the use of a missing word allows you to avoid descriptive phrases, the language becomes easier and dynamic. For example, long phrase "Trading in a certain place once a year" In Russian, successfully replaced by the speech from German fair. In modern Russia, unfortunately, it is often necessary to deal with the unlawful and unjustified use of foreign words in everyday speech. All sorts shop, Consulting, Marketings and Leases Literally clog the Russian language, by no means decorating it. However, it should be recognized that the illicitations may harm its normal development. In the article offered to your attention, we will tell about the successful use of foreign words and terms.

Let's start with terms, loved ones and familiar to any teacher of Russian language and literature. Word poetry So firmly included in our language that we are already and not thinking about its meaning. Meanwhile, translated from Greek it means "creation". Word poem translated as "creature", but rhyme – "Commodity", "Consistency", Single to it is the word rhythm. Stanza Translated from Greek - "turn", but epithet – "Figure definition".

With ancient Greece, such terms are connected epic ("Meeting of the Tales"), myth ("Word", "Speech"), drama ("act"), lyrics (from the Word musical), elegy ("Flute melting"), oh yeah ("song"), Epitalama("Wedding Pooh or Song"), Epos. ("Word", "Story", "Song"), tragedy ("Goat Song"), comedy ("Bear holidays"). The name of the last genre is associated with the holidays in honor of the Greek goddess Artemis, which they coped in March. This month, the bears came out of winter hibernation, which gave the name to these ideas. well and scene - of course, "Tent"where the actors performed. Concerning parodies, that is - "Singing inside out".

If the Greeks assumed the "duty" to give the name to poetic and theatrical terms, then the Romans were seriously engaged in prose. Latin's experts will tell us that this short word into Russian can be translated by the phrase "purposeful speech". Romans generally loved accurate and short definitions. No wonder it was from the Latin language to us the word lapidary. "Carved on stone" (short, compressed). Word text means "Communication", "compound", but illustration – "Explanation" (to text). Legend- this is "What should be read", memorandum – "What should I remember", but opus– "Labor", "Work". Word fabul translated from Latin means "Story", "Tale"but in Russian it came from German with meaning "plot". Manuscript - this is document, "written by hand", well and editor - this is man who should "put in order". Madrigal - Also Latin word, it happens from the root "Mother" and means song on the native, "maternal" language. To finish with literary terms, let's say that the Scandinavian word runes Originally meant "Any knowledge", later - "secret" and only later began to be used in value "Letters", "letters".

But back to the Romans, which, as you know, developed a unique set of laws (Roman law) unique for that time and enriched world culture by many legal terms. For example, justice ("Justice", "legality"), alibi ("in the other place"), verdict ("True pronounced"), lawyer (from Latin "I urge"), notary – ("scribe"), protocol("First sheet"), visa ("Viewed") etc. The words version ("turn") I. intrigue ("Confuse") Also Latin origin. The Romans came up with the word lyapsus – "Fall", "Error", "Invalid Step". Greek and Latin origin has most medical terms. As an example of borrowing from the Greek language, these words can be given as anatomy ("Dissection"), agony ("fight"), hormone ("Come in motion"), diagnosis ("Definition"), diet ("Lifestyle", "Mode"), paroxysm ("irritation"). Latin by origin are the following terms: hospital ("hospitable"), immunity ("Liberation from something"), disabled ("Impossible", "weak"), invasion ("attack"), muscle ("Mouse"), obstruction ("BURNING"), obliteration ("destruction"), pulse ("push").

Currently, Latin is a language of science and serves as a source for the formation of new, never existing words and terms. For example, allergy – "Other Action" (The term is invented by the Austrian Pediatrician K.Pirka). Christianity, as is known, came to us from Byzantium, the inhabitants of which, though they called themselves Romei (Romans), said mainly in Greek. Together with the new religion, many new words came to our country, some of which were sometimes represented by tracing - the literal translation of the Greek terms. For example, a word enthusiasm ("Divine inspiration") It was translated into the Old Slavonic language as "Standard" (!). Such an interpretation was not accepted by the language. Much more often, new terms were taken unchanged. The initial value of many of them has long been forgotten, and few know that angel- this is "Bulletin", apostle – "Messenger", clergy – "lot", kyot. – "box", liturgy – "duty", diacon – "Minister", bishop– "Top viewer", but sexton– "Watchman". Word hero also greek and means "Saint" - no more, no less! But who became a crucial word potted came to us from the Latin language and means just "rural" (a citizen). The fact is that the pagan cults were especially tenacious in rural areas, as a result, this word became synonymous with the pagan. Foreign on origin are also words called representatives of the other world. Word demon "Deity", "Spirit". It is known that Mikhail Vrubel did not want the demon depicted in his paintings with a feature or devil: "The demon means" soul "and personifies the eternal struggle of the rolling human spirit, looking for reconciliation of his passions of his passion, the knowledge of life and is not a response to his doubts either on earth, nor in heaven, "So explained his position." And what do the words damn and the devil mean? Heck - this is not a name, and epithet ( "horned"). Devil same - "SELASTER", "Slevot" (Greek). Other devil names - Hebrew Origin: satan – "Contrary", "opponent", Jelly - From the phrase "Without benefit". Name Mephistopheles Goethe is invented, but it is made up of two Hebrew words - "Liar" and "Destroyer". But the name Wavewhich MA Bulgakov used in his famous novel "Master and Margarita", has German origins: in medieval German dialects it meant "Deceiver", "Plut". In the "Faust" Goethe Mefistofel once mentioned under this name.

Word fairy has a Latin origin and means "fate". Welsh was believed that the fairies originated from the pagan priestesses, and the Scots and Irish were believed that from the angels seduced by the Devil. However, despite the centuries-old domination of Christianity, Europeans still belong to Fayam and Elves with sympathy, calling them the "good people" and "peaceful neighbors."

Word gnome Invented Paracels. Translated from Greek it means "A resident of the Earth". In the Scandinavian mythology, such creatures were called "Dark Alvami" or "Mesvergi". Houses in Germany called "Kobold". Later this name was assigned a metal that had "Harmful character", "Made it difficult to smell. Nickel called water living elf, big amateur joke. This name was called metal, similar to silver.

Word the Dragon Translated from the Greek means "Acutely seen". Interestingly, in China, this mythological creature has traditionally been depicted without eyes. The legend says that one artist of the Tang (IX century) was carried away and painted the Dragon's eyes: the room was filled with fog, the thunder rang out, the dragon came to life and flew away. A Word hurricane Comes on behalf of God's fear of South American Indians - Khurakana. They have their meaning and names of some precious and semi-precious stones. Sometimes the name indicates the color of the stone. For example, ruby – "red"(lat.), chrysolite – "golden"(Greek), olevin – "green" (Greek), lapis lazuli– "Heavenly Blue" (Greek), etc. But sometimes their name is associated with certain properties that were attributed to these stones in antiquity. So, amethyst from Greek translated as "Non-nimble": According to legends, this stone is able to "curb passion", so Christian priests often use it to decorate the purposes, insert into the crosses. For this reason, Amethyst has another name - the "bishop stone". A Word agate Translated from Greek means "good"which he had to bring to his owner.

There were cases when one thing came to our country from different languages \u200b\u200band at different times, resulting in different values. For example, words Mahina, Machination and Machine- Single. Two of them came to us directly from the Greek. One of them means "Something huge"Other - "trick". But the third came through Western European languages \u200b\u200band is a technical term.

Sometimes words are formed as a result of the root connections belonging to different languages. For example: Word abracadabracontains a Greek root with meaning "deity" and Hebrew with meaning "word". I.e "The Word of God" - expression or phrase, apparent meaningless uninitiated.

A Word snobinterestingly, being Latin in origin, appeared in England the late XVIII century. It happened from the Latin expression Sine Nobilitas ( "No nobility"), which reduced to s. NOB.: So the English ships began to be called passengers who have no right to dine with the captain. Later in English homes, this word was set in the lists of guests opposite the persons, which should be announced without title.

And what other languages? Did they contribute to Russian vocabulary? The answer to this question is uniquely affirmative. Examples can be given a set.

So, Arabic phrase "Vladyka on the sea" It became a Russian word Admiral.

Tab Title atlas Translated from the Arabic language means "Beautiful", "smooth". Cabala - this is "CONCENT", "Obligation", Candals – "Putes", "Shackles" etc. Have long been perceived as Russian Turkic words scribble ("Black or bad hand") I. karapuz ("Like watermelon"). About antiquity words iron It is evidenced by his Sanskrit origin ( "Metal", "ore"). Weight - this is "heavy" (Persian), stage – "Pellet"(Spanish), coat of arms – "inheritance" (Polish). The words bank (from "Put the ship on the side") I. yacht (from "Rat") Have a Dutch origin. The words abrol ("Top all" - Over all), bluff("Cheating"), velveteen("velvet") came to Russia from England. The last word is interesting in that it is a "false friend of the translator": readers, probably, was surprised that at the receptions and balas of the kings and the court lads felt in the bullight suits and dresses. From the German spent words cabin boy("boy"), tie ("scarf"), vane ("wing"), flask. ("bottle"), crafting table ("workshop"). There are a lot of borrowing from Italian and French. For example, trampoline("hit"), career("run"), feint ("Pretending", "Fortiment"), stamp ("Print"), relay race ("stirrup") - Italian. Scamp ("a business"), gauze ("Kiese"), balance ("Libra"), compliment ("Hello"), nellier ("negligence") - French.

Italian and French gave life to very many musical and theatrical terms. Here is some of them. Italian Word conservatory("shelter") Reminds the decision of the authorities of Venice to turn the 4 women's monastery into music schools (XVIII century). Virtuosomeans "valor", Word cantata Educated from Italian cantara – "sing", capricchio - From the Word "goat"(work with the jumping, "like a goat", changing topics and moods), opera – "essay", tUTY. – "Fulfillment to all composition".

Now turn France: arrangement – "Bringing in order", overture from the word "open", benefit – "Profit", "Benefits", repertoire– "scroll", decoration – "decoration", pointe (solid socks ballet shoes) - "Top", "tip", divertissement– "entertainment", foyer – "Foard". And in modern pop music, the word is very popular plywoodwhich comes from the German "Apply" (Voice to already recorded music).

Speaking of borrowing from French, it is impossible to go around the culinary topic. So, the word garnish It happened from French "Snap", "cutting". Gles- So "Frozen", "Ice". Cutlet – "Rizshko". Consomme – "bouillon". Langet. – "Tag". Marinade– "Put in salt water". Roll - From the Word "clotting". Word the vinaigrette - Exception: Being French by origin (from Vinaigre - "vinegar"), it appeared in Russia. All over the world, this dish is called "Russian salad".

Interestingly, a foreign-to-dog dog nickname is in our country. The fact is that the peasants in Russian villages could often afford to keep the dog. The landowners, on the contrary, often kept dozens and even hundreds of hunting dogs in their country estates (and even bribes were taken by "golden puppies") and several indoor dogs in city houses. Since French (and later - English) Russian nobles knew better than their own, named their dogs they gave foreign ones. Some of them spread widely in the folk medium. What a familiar word could hear the peasant in nickname Fromheri. ("Cutie")? Of course, Ball! Tridenttranslated into Russian means "treasure" (Fr.), nick Barboshappened from the French word "bearded", but Rex - this is "king" (Lat.). A whole range of nicknames occurred from foreign names. For example, Bobik and Tobik - These are the options of Russian adaptation of the English name Bobby, Bug and Julca Occasionally occurred Julia. And Jim's nicknames and Jack are not even trying to hide their foreign origin.

Well, what is the great and mighty Russian language? Did he make his contribution to the development of foreign languages? It turns out that the Russian word has entered many languages \u200b\u200bof the world. men. Word grandmother in English is used in value "Women's head shawl", but pancakes in Britain called little round sandwiches. Word vulgarity I got into the dictionary of English because he wrote in this language V.Nabokov, desperate to find his full analogue, in one of his novels decided to leave it without translation.

The words satelliteand comrade Known all over the world, and kalashnikov For a foreigner - not a surname, but the name of the Russian automaton. Relatively recently committed a triumphal march in the world now there are already a few subtle terms perestroika and publicity. The words Vodka, Matryoshka and Balalaika So often and not to the place are used by foreigners arguing about Russia, which cause irritation. But for the word pogromwhich entered the dictionaries of many European languages \u200b\u200bin 1903, frankly ashamed. The words intelligentsia (author - P. Boborakin) and disinformation They are not Russian "by origin", but they were invented in Russia. Of which they have become the "native" Russian language, they switched to many foreign and gained widespread all over the world.

In conclusion, we give several examples of successful education of new words that were invented by poets and writers and in Russian appeared relatively recently. So, the appearance of words Acid, refraction, equilibrium we must M.V. Lomonosov. N.M. Karamzin Having enriched our language with the words influence industry, public, common, touching, entertaining, concentrated. Radishchev Entered the word in Russian citizen In the modern meaning. Ivan Panayev The first used the word whore , but Igor Northgen - Word launch . V. Khlebnikov and A. Klychey claim authors Zaomy. .

The formation of national English language, mainly ended in the so-called Rannenovoangalian period - approximately the middle of the XVII century. During this time, National English, in general, and acquired its contemporary character. The vocabulary was enriched with a huge number of words borrowed from Latin, which reflected the development of scientific thought in the Renaissance Epoch.

At the same time, both old borrowing from French (Latin origin) in many cases were laminated in this era. The rapid development of trade and economic and cultural relations with various countries throughout the Novoangalian period and, in particular, the English colonization of the overseas lands in the XVIII-XIX centuries was introduced into English more or fewer words from the most diverse languages \u200b\u200bof the world. In the newest time, the international lexical element in English has grown significantly, mainly scientific and technical and socio-political terms.

In English vocabulary, there is a significant number of words borrowed from the Russian language, which will require special consideration.

Since regular trade and economic ties between the two states were established fairly late, only by the XVI century, and at first were limited, borrowing from the Russian language is not so numerous as, for example, from French, Italian or German. However, a number of Russian words from the sphere of life, a state device, public relations, a system of measures, monetary units, and T.D, are encountered to the current English descriptions of the Moscow state.

The earliest borrowing from the Russian language is the word Sable (sable), which is not surprising, since the exceptional quality is Russian fur, and especially, sobils, highly appreciated in Europe. In English dictionaries, this word was recorded already in the XIV century, and, in addition to the meaning of the noun "sable", it is also given in the meaning of the adjective "black".

More Russian borrowing in English appears in the XVI century, after the establishment of more regular economic and political ties between Russia and England. Penetrating in English at that time, Russian words in their significance are various types of trade objects, the names of ruling, estate, officials and subordinates, establishments, the names of household items and geographical names. During this period, the Russian words such as Boyar (Boyarin), Cossack (Kozak), Voivoda (Voivode), TSAR (King), ZTarosta (Street), Muzhik (Men), Beluga (Beluga), Starlet, Beluga (Beluga) ), Rouble (ruble), Altyn (Altyn), Copeck (penny), POOD (PUD), KVASS (kvass), shuba (fur coat), vodka (vodka), Samovar (Samovar), Troika (Troika), Babushka (Grandma ), Pirozhki (Patty), VERST (versta), Telega (cart) and many others.

Penetrate into English and some special terms. For example: Siberite - a special kind of ruby, Uralite - asbestos slate. Many of these words entered into the vocabulary of English and are used by English writers.

In the XIX century, with the growth of People's Democratic Liberation Movement in Russia, words appear in English reflecting this socio-political movement. For example, Decembrist (Decembrist), Nihilist (Nihilist), Nihilism (Nihilism), Narodnik (populizer), Intelligentsia (intelligentsia). By the way, the last word is borrowed from Russian not directly, but through Polish. Of course, the roots of such words like Nihilist, Deceptbrist, Intelligentsia - Latin. However, these words are borrowing from the Russian language, as they arose in Russia, due to certain phenomena of Russian reality.

In addition to the above words in the XVIII-XIX century, other Russian words penetrate into English. Many of them, such as ISPRAVNIK (correction), Miroed (Mirohed), Obrok (Labor), Barshina (Born) and others, are currently in Russian historical terms, and in English are found only in historical descriptions or In historical novels.

One of the most interesting Russian borrowing, who received in modern English is widespread, is the word mammoth (mammoth). This word was borrowed in the XVIII century, and there was to enter the vocabulary as Mamont, however, in the process of borrowing "lost" the letter n. Moreover, according to the rules, the sound [t] was designated in a letter by the combination of TH. After all changes, the word Mammoth appeared in the vocabulary in the form of Mammoth (for the first time this word was included in the "Russian grammar" of Ludolf).

It is also necessary to note the special group of borrowing, called with senuclearies, is borrowing from the Russian language of the post-beater period, reflecting the impact of a new social building and the new ideology of our country, for example, Soviet (Soviet), Bolshevik (Bolshevik), Udarnik (Drummer), Kolkhoz (collective farm ), SovKhoz (state farm), Komsomol (Komsomol), Activist (activist). There are many horses among the sentenimians, for example, Five-Year Plan (five-year plan), Palace of Culture (Culture Palace), Hero of Labor (Labor Hero).

We also give more examples of the most famous (and used in modern English) borrowing from the Russian language, as well as cripples (asterisk symbol are marked by the latest): Balalaika (Balalaika), Borzch (Borsch), Borzoi (Borzaya), BYELORUSSIAN * (Belarus), Crash (Crash), Dacha * (Cottage), Glastnost * (Publicity), Kalashnikov * (Kalashnikov), Karakul (Karakul, Karakule Fur), KGB * (KGB), Kremlin (Kremlin), Molotov (Cocktail) * (Molotov cocktail ), Perestroyka * (Perestroika), Pogrom (Pogrom), Russian Roulette (Russian Roulette), Russian Salad (Vinaigrette, Russian Salad), Samizdat * (Samizdat), Samoyed (Samoyed), Shaman (Shaman), Sputnik * (satellite) , Stakhanovit (Stakhanovets), Tass * (TASS).

Russian borrowings that penetrate into the vocabulary of English, as well as any other borrowing, are transformed into their sound appearance and a grammatical structure, obeying the internal laws of the development of the English language. This is good can be traced on the example of such words like Copeck (penny), knout (whip, pronounced), Starlet (sterlet) and others, the sound feature of which is transformed according to the laws of the English pronunciation. Multiple number of majority of nouns borrowed from the Russian language are decorated in English for the grammatical standards of the English language - Steppes (steppes), sables (sable) and the like. Many borrowed Russian words form derivatives according to word-forming English-language models - Narodism (population), Nihilistic (nihilistic), to knout - beat the whip, Sable (as an adjective) and so on.

However, it should be noted that the borrowing from the Russian language, which fell into English in various periods and preserved to this day, constitute a negligible share, since most of the borrowed words reflected quite specific features and realities of the life of the Russian people, many of which disappeared.

Examples of borrowed words: migrant worker, motel, confetti, olivier, jam, latte, bulldozer. See more examples in foreign words L.P. Krysin, N.G. Comleva.

Borrowing words

The reasons for the borrowing of words from other languages \u200b\u200bare associated with technical and technological progress - the appearance of new technologies in the world, inventions, objects, concepts, for whose name there are no words in Russian.

When borrowing, other people's words undergo phonetic, morphological, morpheme and semantic changes. This is connected with the "fitting" of the borrowing words to the prevailing features and rules in Russian. Separate authors of school textbooks in the Russian language share the concepts of borrowed and foreign speech. If the borrowed word comes to the vocabulary of the Russian language with change, then the foreign word almost does not undergo changes, while maintaining its original phonetic, morphological and other features.

In modern Russian, very many borrowed words. Most of them have been strongly rooted in Russian, and for modern speakers of the word language are perceived as invariating Russians. Their real origin shows etymological analysis.

The word borrowing process began in ancient Russian language and is currently happening. Words borrowed from Latin, Finno-Ugric, Greek, Turkic, Polish, Dutch, German, French, English. Borrowed the names of people, geographical names, names of months, church terms. Some borrowed words switched to the obsolete list: Varvan, Berkhets, Town, Merry, Golball and others.

Borrowing Morpham

In Russian, not only words are borrowed entirely, but also parts of words (morphemes) that influence word formation and give birth to new words. We list some foreign consoles and foreign suffixes, for each item we give examples of words.

Borrowing consoles

a- immoral, amorphous, apolitical, arrhythmia, anonymous, apathy, atheist.
anti-antimir, anticyclone, antithesis.
archives archived, Archimillionaire, Archbishop.
pan-Panmerican, Panleyvism, Panpidemia.
de - degeneration, degradation, decomposition, dismantling, demobilization, demotivation.
dis- conezinfection, disorientation, disorganization.
dis- disharmony, disqualification, disproportion, dysfunction.
diz- - disassessociation, disjunction.
counterparticle, Counter-revolution, counter-offering, counter-revolution, counter-revolution.
transatlantic, trans-European, transoblase.
ultra-ultrasound, ultrashort, ultrahal, ultrahable, trendy.
other...

Borrowing suffixes

-ism is anarchism, collectivism, communism.
east is an aqualant, careerist, driver, parachutist.
-Sirov- - to militate, mechanize, fantasize.
-ER-- poacher, cavalier, expert, man.
other...

Borrowing foreign words contributes to the development of the language. Borrowing is associated with the close communication of the peoples of the world, a developed system of communications, the availability of international professional communities, etc.

The modern dictionary of the Russian language has a long way of becoming. And no matter how painfully perceived, but the "great and mighty" consists of a considerable number of words borrowed from other languages. Some were taken back in antiquity, others came very recently. All this is the result of a constant natural process of interaction between different cultures. Can the language do without borrowing? Discussions arising about this are trying to give an unambiguous answer.

The term "borrowing"

There is no such people in the world, whose language would be completely free from the effects of foreign language words, otherwise he should be isolated. Due to long political, economic, military, cultural relations between countries, the Russian language is regularly replenished with the new words of non-Slavic origin.

With foreigners, you can meet everywhere: in sports, business, politics, science. They firmly entered everyday life and most of them do not have analogues in their native speech. Examples of borrowed words from other languages: office, rating, image, provider, Internet, charisma, speaker. But more ancient words of non-Russian origin: pencil, sauna, school, lamp, soldier. They were so accustomed that carriers and do not recognize their true roots.

Under borrowing it is understood as a learning, copying, passing any word from one language to another. This is a long process, the result of which will be the fixation of the foreign language lexeme in the speech of the carrier.

Relevance of the topic

Modern person can hardly do without borrowed words. The language continues to actively replenish, changing your vocabulary. Someone this trend is alarming, and someone does not see anything wrong with it. Public figures, politicians, scientists, simple manuals do not cease to discuss and discuss on this topic.

What is interesting, linguists occupy a neutral position in this controversy. They are more concerned about ignorant use of foreign language words than their introduction. They believe that the language itself, sooner or later, will reject unnecessary words. Its mechanism of self-regulation acts on the principle of the immune system and over time will put everything in its place.

The question of the redundancy of borrowing is increasingly rising. Some native speakers rate it extremely negative. Even at the beginning of the 20th century, Alexander Peshkovsky once said that such conservatism, which we meet in relation to the tongue, not to see anywhere else. And on the one hand, it is even good, such a reaction helps to keep defense from excessive excessiveness. On the other hand, however, it was noticed, a negative attitude towards borrowed words is characteristic of the older generation people who tend to turn back and in modern times to see the negative.

In all periods of the development of the Russian language it was believed that he degrades and loses himself. And in the meantime he developed, enriched and adapted for changing realities. Today, the same picture, as many years ago, all these processes occur under the inevitable perturbation and ropot of carriers.

A bit of history

Some words were learned in such a distant past that their origin manage to detect only with the help of etymological analysis. Philologists allocate several historical stages that have influenced Russian.

Adoption of Christianity. At this point, the influence of the Greek language occurs, and words appear in the vocabulary: benches, terme, icon, monastery, gospel. Such names like Alexander, Nikolai, Catherine, Larisa, also have non-Slavic origin.
The next period is the influence of Turkic peoples, Tatar-Mongolian IHO. It comes to use: Bogatyr, Treag, Pearl, Tent, Vataga.
Stage impact of Polish language, XVI-XVII centuries. Borrowed words from this language are also called polonisms. Drops, depreciation, scoundrel, to allow, Zavabit, Lieutenant. In Russian, the "alleged" particle come, the unions "if", "so."
The influence of Dutch and German languages. The flow of this foreign language vocabulary refers to Peter I, through which there was a significant contribution to Russian, among other things. There are previously unknown concepts in machinery, science, marine fishing, military definitions, handicrafts, names of household goods. Words: rent, general, globe, algebra, optics, fleet, sailor, harbor and others. This period explains well why the language can not do without borrowing words from another language. Because the thing itself or the phenomenon itself is new, respectively, in the native language there is no suitable word.
French influence of the XIX century. Our language came: coats, boots, stained glass, wardrobe, compliment, favorite, mayonnaise.
XX century and to date. There is a huge influence of English into Russian vocabulary. This is one of the most widespread languages \u200b\u200bin the world.

Threshing the story, it is unlikely that the language can do without borrowing. For the current relations, no language system can exist isolated.

Why is this happening

Factors playing a significant role for the entry of foreign words:

historical relationship between states;
the need to determine new concepts;
discoveries and achieve a certain nation in any region;
availability of tourism;
worldwide Internet;
the popularity of the word.

Causes of linguistic nature. They are counted:

lack of identical words;
savings of language means when they seek to use one word instead of the phrase (sprint - short distance, or reception - reception room, reception and decoration in hotels, companies);
the need for detail (piloting, local).

Windows and door entry

Channels through which foreign words fall into Russian can be oral and written. First of all, it is professional, scientific and technical terminology. Words previously used by a small circle of people, through media coverage come into mass consumption. For example, marketing or devaluation. Under such cases, the Russian language can do without borrowing? Unlikely.

Public speeches play a significant role famous people, politicians. Translations of art and journalistic works. As well as films, music, television.

The movement of the word from the language in the tongue can be not only direct, but also indirect. For example, the word "shop", Arabic in origin (means "warehouse, collect"), came first to French, and then across it fell into Russian and in other languages.

Phases of mastering words

The word borrowing process occurs in several stages. Sometimes it can be very fast, and maybe there is some long time.

The first stage, this is when an input word is used in genuine form, without any changes. Then the word is escaped to and conquers transliteration - given the pronunciation of the word, it is recorded by means of the National Alphabet. At the third stage, the word loses his alien and is actively used along with the native words of the language. The last step of assimilation, when the word goes into a common speech turnover and receives registration in the explanatory dictionary of the Russian language.

Borrowed words, having passed all the stages of implementation and having received "adoption", differ from aliens, who have not changed, while retaining the status of a stranger.

Signs of borrowed words

Initial words, falling into Russian, as they adapt, they can lose their initial appearance. But there are some features for which they can be calculated.

Letter "A" at the beginning of the word.
The presence of the letter "F".
At the root of the word "E".
In the root of the word combination of vowels.
At the root of the word, the combination of consonants - "GB", "kg", "KD", "KZ".
At the root of the word - "GE", "Ke", "HE", "BU", "VU", "KYU", "MJ".
Unclear words.

Influence in language

Due to the foregoing, it can be concluded that it is impossible to do the language without borrowed words.

Could it be alien vocabulary to somehow suffer or become a threat to my own speech? The public noise on this occasion rises big, although the study of this issue was not devoted to a lot of work.

The point of view of many researchers on this score is ambiguous, but some recognize that through the borrowing of words, the language is significantly enriched, replenished and expanding. Specialists say that its openness by foreign language post-Soviet Russia can be comparable to Peter's Board.

Enhanced infusion of alien logo is not as critical as it may seem. Borrowing, both replenish the language, and leave it. It is enough to compare the dictionaries of foreign words of different periods. Some foreign language words are replaced by others, something comes up, and something goes: Slang "moves" a jargon, and the image increasingly replaces the image.

Can the language do without borrowing

The arguments against this approval makes the story itself. The rich vocabulary of today's Russian language has developed for centuries. Words coming from outside, with certain events and phenomena, were inevitable in their use. And even if the native speech had an analogue, the new word brought a new tint or could clarify in one or another sphere, the ability to more specify.

Now they are trying to make restrictions on the use of foreign language words at the legislative level. But any interference in the language processes will not lead to anything, according to Professor Anatoly Baranov, Doctor

At one time, also actively opposed the foreign language vocabulary I.S. Aksakov (publicist, leader of the Slavic Movement) and N.S. Leskov (writer). They offered to establish the appropriate fines and supervision, but "evacuation" and "extradition" today well "feel" in Russian.

Denoting the realities of a rapidly changing world, it is unlikely that the language can do without borrowing. This is all its uniqueness. While the interpenetration of cultures and the progress of mankind continues, this process can not be stopped in any way.

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